A narrow-gauge railway ( narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge (distance between the rails) narrower than . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and .
Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curves, smaller , and lighter Rail profile; they can be less costly to build, equip, and operate than standard- or broad-gauge railways (particularly in mountainous or difficult terrain).
In some countries, narrow gauge is the standard: Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Australian states of Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania have a gauge, whereas Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand have metre-gauge railways. Narrow-gauge trams, particularly metre-gauge, are common in Europe. Non-industrial, narrow-gauge mountain railways are (or were) common in the Rocky Mountains of the United States and the Pacific Cordillera of Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, and Costa Rica.
Nomenclature
A narrow-gauge railway is one where the distance between the inside edges of the rails is less than .
Historically, the term was sometimes used to refer to what are now standard-gauge railways, to distinguish them from broad-gauge railways, but this use no longer applies.
History
Early hand-worked lines
The earliest recorded railway appears in Georgius Agricola's 1556
De re metallica, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about gauge. During the 16th century, railways were primarily restricted to hand-pushed, narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe. In the 17th century,
were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points (usually canals or other waterways). These railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed.
Introduction of steam
The world's first
steam locomotive, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, ran on a
plateway. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was
Matthew Murray's Salamanca built in 1812 for the Middleton Railway in
Leeds.
Salamanca was also the first
Rack railway locomotive. During the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the -gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium.
The first use of steam locomotives on a public, passenger-carrying narrow-gauge railway was in 1865, when the Ffestiniog Railway introduced passenger service after receiving its first locomotives two years earlier.
Industrial use
Many narrow-gauge railways were part of industrial enterprises and served primarily as industrial railways, rather than general carriers. Common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways included mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, and conveying agricultural products. Extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world; 19th-century mountain logging operations often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill to market. Significant
sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland, and narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in common use for building tunnels.
Introduction of internal combustion
In 1897, a manganese mine in the
Lahn valley in Germany was using two
benzine-fueled locomotives with single cylinder internal combustion engines on the 500mm gauge tracks of their
mine railway; these locomotives were made by the Deutz Gas Engine Company (
Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz), now
Deutz AG.
[A Benzine Lgocomotive for use in Mines, The Petroleum Industrial and Technical Review, vol. 2, no. 68 (23 June 1900); page 388.][Benzine Locomotive, English Mechanic and World of Science, No. 1713 (21 January 1898); pages 532–533.] Another early use of internal combustion was to power a narrow-gauge locomotive was in 1902. F. C. Blake built a 7 hp petrol locomotive for the Richmond Main Sewerage Board sewage plant at
Mortlake. This gauge locomotive was probably the third petrol-engined locomotive built.
First World War and later
Extensive narrow-gauge
trench railways served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I.
They were a short-lived military application, and after the war the surplus equipment created a small boom in European narrow-gauge railway building.
Improvements
Heavy-duty tracks
The heavy-duty narrow-gauge railways in Australia (Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia. Tasmania), New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines demonstrate that if track is built to a heavy-duty standard, performance almost as good as a standard-gauge line is possible.
Two-hundred-car trains operate on the Sishen–Saldanha railway line in South Africa, and high-speed run in Queensland. In South Africa and New Zealand, the loading gauge is similar to the restricted British loading gauge; in New Zealand, some British Rail Mark 2 carriages have been Bogie exchange for use by Tranz Scenic (Wellington-Palmerston North service), Tranz Metro (Wellington-Masterton service), and Auckland One Rail (Auckland suburban services).
Another example of a heavy-duty narrow-gauge line is Brazil's EFVM. gauge, it has over-100-pound rail () and a loading gauge almost as large as US non-excess-height lines. The line has a number of locomotives and 200-plus-car trains.
Fastest trains
Narrow gauge's reduced stability means that its trains cannot run at speeds as high as on broader gauges. For example, if a curve with standard-gauge rail (1435 mm) can allow speed up to , the same curve with narrow-gauge rail (1067mm) can only allow speed up to .
In Japan and Queensland, recent permanent-way improvements have allowed trains on gauge tracks to exceed . Queensland Rail's Electric Tilt Train, the fastest train in Australia and the fastest gauge train in the world, set a record of .
A special gauge railcar was built for the Otavi Mining and Railway Company with a design speed of .
Gauges
Many narrow gauges, from gauge to gauge, are in present or former use. They fall into several broad categories:
Just under standard gauge
-
Huddersfield Corporation Tramways
-
Glasgow Corporation Tramways
4 ft 6 in gauge
track gauge (also known as Scotch gauge) was adopted by early 19th-century railways, primarily in the [[Lanarkshire]] area of Scotland. lines were also constructed, and both were eventually converted to standard gauge.
Around 4 ft gauge
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Barrow-in-Furness Tramways Company
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Bradford Corporation Tramways
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City of Oxford Tramways Company
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Darwen Corporation Tramways
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Derby Tramways Company
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Falkirk and District Tramways
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Glasgow Subway
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Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company
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Keighley Tramways
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Padarn Railway
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Reading Corporation Tramways
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Redruth and Chasewater Railway
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Saundersfoot Railway
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Wellington tramway system
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Central Funicular
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Fribourg funicular
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Gardena Ronda Express
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Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway, Appenzell Railways
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Schlossbergbahn (Freiburg)
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Stoosbahn
-
Zagreb Funicular
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Žaliakalnis Funicular
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Arcata and Mad River Railroad
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Northern Redwood Lumber Company
1093 mm gauge
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Köping–Uttersberg–Riddarhyttan Railway
3 ft 6 in gauge
between the inside of the rail heads, its name and classification vary worldwide and it has about of track.
Similar gauges
-
in Algeria
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on the Hejaz railway in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; only a few lines survive.
Metre gauge and Italian metre gauge
As its name implies, metre gauge is a track gauge of . It has about of track.
According to Italian law, track gauges in Italy were defined from the centre of each rail rather than the inside edges of the rails. This gauge, measured between the edges of the rails, is known as Italian metre gauge.
3 ft, 900 mm, and Swedish three-foot gauge
There were a number of large railroad systems in North America; notable examples include the Denver & Rio Grande and Rio Grande Southern in Colorado; the Texas and St. Louis Railway in Texas, Arkansas and Missouri; and, the South Pacific Coast, White Pass and Yukon Route and West Side Lumber Co of California. was also a common track gauge in South America, Ireland and on the Isle of Man. was a common gauge in Europe. Swedish three-foot-gauge railways () are unique to that country and were once common all over the country. Today the only 891 mm line that remains apart from heritage railways is
Roslagsbanan, a commuter line that connects Stockholm to its northeastern suburbs.
2 ft 9 in gauge
A few railways and tramways were built to gauge, including Nankai Main Line (later converted to ), Ocean Pier Railway at Atlantic City,
Seaton Tramway (converted from ) and Waiorongomai Tramway.
800 mm, 2 ft 6 in, Bosnian and 750 mm gauge
gauge railways are commonly used for [[rack railway]]s. Imperial gauge railways were generally constructed in the former [[British colonies]]. [[Bosnian gauge]] and railways are predominantly found in Russia and Eastern Europe.
Between and gauge
Gauges such as , and were used in parts of the UK, particularly for railways in Wales and the borders, with some industrial use in the coal industry. Some sugar cane lines in Cuba were .
[[3] (2003)]
2 ft and 600 mm gauges
gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. The US had a number of railways of that gauge, including several in the state of Maine such as the Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway. , and were used in Europe.
Minimum gauge
Gauges below were rare. Arthur Percival Heywood developed gauge estate railways in Britain and
Decauville produced a range of industrial railways running on and tracks, most commonly in restricted environments such as underground mine railways, parks and farms, in France. Several gauge railways were built in Britain to serve ammunition depots and other military facilities, particularly during World War I.
Narrow gauge railways by continent
Africa
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Narrow-gauge railways in Africa
Asia
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Narrow-gauge railways in Asia
Europe
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Narrow-gauge railways in Europe
North America
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Narrow-gauge railways in North America
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Rail transport in Central America
Oceania
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Narrow-gauge railways in Oceania
South America
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Narrow-gauge railways in South America
See also
Notes
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"Trade House" Kambarka Engineering Works "
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P. Whitehouse, J. Snell. Narrow Gauge Railways of the British Isles, David & Charles, 1994,
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Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites, Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages,
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Keith Chester. "East European Narrow Gauge" 1995
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"Narrow Gauge Through the Bush – Ontario's Toronto Grey and Bruce and Toronto and Nipissing Railways"; Rod Clarke; pub. Beaumont and Clarke, with the Credit Valley Railway Company, Streetsville, Ontario, 2007.
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"The Narrow Gauge For Us – The Story of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway"; Charles Cooper; pub. The Boston Mills Press; Erin, Ontario, 1982.
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"Narrow Gauge Railways of Canada"; Omer Lavallee; pub. Railfair, Montreal, 1972.
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"Narrow Gauge Railways of Canada"; Omer Lavallee, expanded and revised by Ronald S Ritchie; pub. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Ontario, 2005.
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"The Toronto Grey and Bruce Railway 1863–1884; Thomas F McIlwraith; pub. Upper Canada Railway Society, Toronto, 1963.
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"Steam Trains to the Bruce"; Ralph Beaumont; pub. The Boston Mills Press; Cheltenham, Ontario, 1977
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"Running Late on the Bruce"; Ralph Beaumont & James Filby; pub The Boston Mills Press, Cheltenham, Ontario, 1980
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; Michael J. Brown
